Thank You Foremothers!

"Students said they liked school and performed their best when they thought that teachers cared about them...Students said teachers cared when they laughed with them, trusted and respected them (pg. 50).

 Ever since I could remember, I have always had a special connection with all of my teachers. Based on the quote above, I truly agree with her statement. School is so much better when you have a relationship with your teacher. I can truly say I may not have a very close relationship with my college professors, but I have no problem with communicating and socializing with them on a academic or personal level.  Being at Spelman College, I appreciate & LOVE seeing strong, Black women as my professors. Seeing them give me inspiration and confidence. I know I can be just like them one day!

In, "Voices of our Foremothers", Birney explained that her Black female college professors became her "mothers". She and myself have the privilege to say that our professors have helped us connect our academic knowledge to a broader world and understand the dynamics of our ever-changing place within the world.

While reading the excerpt, I came across a name who of someone I look up to as an influential role-model during her time on Earth, Mary McLeod Bethune. Education was so important to our foremothers. She stood for sisterhood, mentorship, and friendship. Because she worked so hard for education, we now have the prestigious Historic Black College, Betthune-Cookman University.

I am so thankful for the women who came before me. They made is easier for women like me to get a decent education. Because of them, I will only strive for excellence. Thank You Foremothers!

Unearthing Hidden Literacy

In the story Unearthing Hidden Literacy by Lillie Gayle Smith, she expresses her personal journey to comprehending the black woman’s literacy. The author points out many of her view points on life and brings up many of her experiences such as picking cotton in Alabama and that she felt she should never tell anyone about the experience because it was not something that she was proud of. The author also brings up the example of a class that she took and tells how she experienced a great amount of sexism within the class because professor tended to congratulate the men when they would speak up in class but disregard the women. When the women did speak up in class the professor turned to a man within the class to confirm what the female has just implied. This was a obvious case of sexism that I personally find disturbing because the by the professor’s actions he obviously felt that the men in the class were more capable of making decisions than women were in life. This opinion has never been proven to be true as there are many women who are smarter than men and the professor of that class failed to let those women shine and show their true abilities. I also appealed to the idea of these women leaving the class after they realized what was happening They felt that they did not have to stand nor pay for education that was biased in any way and turned to a class that could cater to more of their interest and ability as women which was the black women’s literacy class. This class was a great choice for those group of women because they were better able to understand themselves and the great deal of good a black literate women has done to the world, which implies that any woman who was intelligent enough to take a stand has many good consequences and not always seen in a negative light or had to be reaffirmed by a male.

The Impact of Literacy

Racial tensions from slavery and during segregation created a line that made people of color unequal to Whites. Blacks were not given the same rights as White people in America. The South has written and unwritten laws that separated the races from each other. The culture in the South included being knowledgeable about the history of the relationships between Blacks and Whites in the rural South. “Lessons From Down Under: Reflections on Meanings of Literacy and Knowledge From an African-American Female Growing up in Rural Alabama” discusses how the level of literacy impacts how groups develop educationally.

The Reading starts with going into detail about strategies used by slave owners to discourage slaves from obtaining reading and writing skills. It describes how the enslaved used modes of communication and transmitting traditions orally. The oral traditions preserved the history and memories of African-American peoples.

The Civil Rights Movement, born in Alabama in the 1950’s consisted of boycotts and marches. It discusses the role of Black Churches and the role of religious leaders. Leaders helped the Black community understand the rules of the South, both written and unwritten. Speeches focused on trying to change America and the Negroes’ struggle for equality. African Americans fought to change the suffrage laws that prevented Blacks from being able to vote. This change came under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

House-Soremekun talks about the changes her school went through during integration. The African American teachers were good, but the materials were inferior to those of white schools. However, the integration caused her to learn less about African American history. She felt as if her voice was never heard and she was invisible. She goes into detail about how the storytelling was important to her family. The stories she heard from her grandmother enhanced her literacy development. The stories shaped her worldview and encouraged her to pursue a degree in education.

African American literacy came in an oral form. From the era of slavery to the Civil Rights Movement, storytelling was fundamental to the lives of African Americans. The South’s rules had an impact on the lives of Blacks and Whites, impacting the thought process of both racial groups. 

Leaving Dependency

My Life as a Welfare Brat focuses on how people take advantage of the welfare system and become dependent on a government check every month. The reader travels through time with a woman who played and cheated the system. The writer takes us on her journey of redemption and self-discovery. To get to this point in her life she goes through many challenges and trials.

Star Parker is a woman who went through three abortions, years of drug abuse and her strongest dependence a welfare check. Parker came from a family that was not well off, but worked hard and did not accept any handouts. At an early stage in Parker’s life, she felt independent and old enough to be on her own in the streets of Los Angeles. Los Angeles introduced her to the dangerous nightlife. She began to get trapped in a lifestyle consumed with late nights, angel dust and numerous men. After many encounters with men and three abortions, Parker decided that she wanted be a mother and gave birth to a baby girl who she named Angel. This was the first step in Star Parker becoming a different person. By having a child, she saw it as a step in a new direction.

Parker was an avid welfare dependent who learned how to make side money off of the system. The life that she lived gives light to some of the reasons taxpayers criticize the Welfare system. Taxpayers are afraid that their hard earned money is being used and given to people who are lazy and do not want to work. Her story shows how easy it is to manipulate the government and a life of complacency with receiving a check.

Doing research on Star Parker, I found that after having all of these revelations and changing her life, she is now a part of the Republican Party. Rush Limbaugh wrote her introduction to her autobiography and she is totally against the Welfare system.  While I agree that the Welfare system promotes dependency, I think that Star Parker is looking at the system from her own perspective. Not every single person is manipulating the system; there are some who actually need it. Parker is a person who has made it to where she wants to be in life, but has turned her back on the community that she use to look to for help. 

College Transformation

Robin Wisiniewski in Transformative College Literacy of Literate Black Women Peer Counselors describes the college literacy peer-based program and the conditions that she has experienced while working with the program. She also discusses her transformation as a leader of the peer-counseling program. She tells her perspective of the program though two counselors, Lauryn and Vania. They relate the experiences they had with the program with their individual identity. Both female peer counselors go into about how they changed individually and their counseling techniques.

Wisiniewski uses a quote from bell hooks to explain what she wanted out of college literacy. “Making the classroom a democratic setting where everyone feels responsibility to contribute is the central goal of transformative pedagogy.” This quote reminds me of what Spelman College asks of its students everyday. Spelman College teaches us that every time we step into a classroom, it is our role as scholars to question, comment and give an opinion on what we have learned. The professor in the classroom does not feel as if he or she has accomplished their job, unless they students are responsive to the lecture. I believe that a student should be able to offer their opinion, even if the professor disagrees with theory. One component of being a scholar is being able to see both sides of an argument. Wisiniewski is more than likely an efficient educator if she expects her student’s transformation in college to include contributing educated responses in the classroom. Lauryn and Vania both discussed how they motivated their students when it came to reading. Both females showed a transition “from learning from text to learning with text and using strategies to become empowered through knowledge construction” (Wisiniewski 79).

Transformative College Literacy of Literate Black Women Peer Counselors was a reading that went into depth about the techniques and strategies of learning. It also showed how college students transform while learning. Their literacy levels enhance and students are more prone to instead of just reading, they actually comprehend the text. College students learn how to apply themes from one text to other text and real life aspects. 

Dehumanization

In Sandra Golden's Black and on Welfare: What You Don't Know About Single

Parent Women, we see her primary argument about how the women feeling dehumanized after leaving the welfare office. She supports her position by arguing that many young Black females carry the assumed burden of being uneducated, unskilled, and unmotivated because they receive public assistance. The assumption leads to breeds of racial and discrimination towards them. I strongly agree with her argument because in today's society, media women on welfare are labeled as the ignorant, ghetto women in the hood. Being on welfare is actually labeled as a joke in today's comedy.

While reflecting on todays and past Black movies, I began to wonder how many Black women are portrayed in movies and sitcoms labeled as being on welfare. The following: Precious, American Violet, Losing Isaiah, Blue Chips, Meet the Browns, and Notorious. I can surely go on and on.

I have always wondered, “Why is it such a hot topic for Black women to be on welfare in box office movies”? Why did actress/comedian Mo’Nique have to be a ghetto, abusive, poor mother in order to win an Oscar? On the other hand of what Golden has stated, Yes, I understand many young Black women may be illiterate and need government assistance, but do we have to bring the negative reality to the movie screens to represent Black women? Many women do, “Sit back and wait for the check” or “Have government cheese”, but I just hate seeing that side of a Black women being portrayed in movies.

The number one movie that sticks out in all of our heads is, “Precious”. If you did not understand or could not vision what life on welfare was like, that movie was an excellent example. From the financial assistance to the free baby’s formula, you saw it all. I just hope one day, I can see a Black woman win an Oscar for being a successful, independent, and smart woman that she is!  

Dysfunctional Literacies of Exclusion

“This business of womanhood is a heavy burden…And these days it is worse, with the poverty of blackness on one side and the weight of womanhood on the other” (p. 16)

       This is a quote instilled in the passage by the author Mandi Chikombero who analyzes a book Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga. This book exemplifies many issues that were facing African-American woman during the time period post slavery. Not only did woman face battles of race outside their homes, they also face the burden of facing gender inequalities inside the home. This information brought me to light to the struggles of women that not only include race. Women during this time period always came second before the man; they were expected to cook, clean, give birth, all while taking care of the household. In some situations women had jobs which added difficulty to their many responsibilities. Men within the household saw the women as second place which gave them reason to fight for their rights and become equal as men.

    

     Chikombero brings up the topic of literacy and the roles it place within society. The author explains two types of illiteracies which include colonial literacy and traditional literacy. The motivations behind the two are the same but they each have a different purpose. Colonial literacy is based on Christianity and therefore if you are colonial literate then you are fully Christian.  Colonial literacy saw no place for colonized Africans as it was only for white colonist. Traditional literacy involves knowing the music and traditions that are entailed within a culture. This type of literacy is important within the community because it provides the roles and duties of a woman during the time period and it provides the foundation for other types literacy to be formed. The different types of literacy are significant because they give insight into how the people of the time period were living and the thought process they used to explain many of their actions.

Works Cited

Chikombero, Mandi. Dysfunctional Literacies of Exclusion. New jersey: Hampton Press, 2005. 147-161. Print.

Dangaremba, T. (1982). Nervous conditions. Washington:Seal Press.Dangaremba, T. (1982). Nervous conditions. Washington:Seal Press.

Literate on the Big Screen

Reel Women: Black Women and Literacy in Feature Films focuses on black women and their roles in cinema. Joanne Kilgour Dowdy discusses in detail what it means to be literate. ”Being a Black woman who is literate in writing, acting, and videography, my interest in the literacy levels of Black women informs the way that I look at films and read novels and other literature that include the stories of Black women” (Dowdy 163). Reading this statement, I began think about what Dowdy was actually trying to say. After understanding it, I can see and agree with her point of view. Being literate makes you think about how women are being portrayed in all forms of art. It requires one to revaluate our roles in films and the level of education the women had.. Dowdy uses variations of movies that involve Black women to explore her thesis.

            Movies help give perspectives of Black culture and traditions. “…movies provide an opportunity to witness the everyday experiences of literate Black women within certain sociocultural contexts” (Dowdy 164). The film “Losing Isaiah” with Halle Berry and Meryl Streep is an example that Dowdy uses to present the connection between Black women and literacy in movies. Although Halle Berry’s character cleans herself up, she is still illiterate. It makes you contemplate on how important literacy can be to not only a person, but also a family. Who should the child go with? The one that is his biological mother or the person that can encourage him to read and achieve in school?  

            I enjoyed this reading, because I had not fully explored how the education of Black women in films. Reading this made me realize that Black women should be depicted as intellectual and educated beings in some movies. Our roles should not have to conform to being in one box, it can be expanded. 

The Silent Woman

“Silent women, do not view themselves as learners at all” (Belenky et al., 986). In the story “The Color Purple”, the main character Celie, was considered a silent woman. Celie was abused physically, emotionally, sexually, and psychologically. Being abused by only the men in her life, she grew to hate men. At one point, she even described God as a man, so she did not trust him either.

While reading, “Women and Literacy”, I became familiar with the, “Subjective Women”. A subjective woman has negative attitudes toward specific men in their past which becomes generalized to all men, whom they perceive as controlling demanding, negating, and life suppressing. Eventually, their attitude becomes, “I can do it without men” (Belenky et al., 1986).

After hearing the statement, “I can do it without men”, I began to think about how some Black women in the media today are portrayed with this state of mind. I have personally heard grown women say those exact same words. In the story of, “The Color Purple”, Celie trusted no man, not even God. So as of a result, she stopped praying, and started to write to her long-lost sister, Nettie. Celie began to use her writing skills which were taught by her sister, Nettie, about her struggle of a lifestyle with Mr. ____.

Being enrolled in English this semester, I have just noticed how much of a large role literature, writing, and literacy played in the story of, “The Color Purple”. Silent women are voiceless and selfless, Celie had to write in order to express all of the feelings she had while living with Mr.___. It was good to know that Celie had developed a sense of love and confidence for herself at the end of the story. “Celie has come to accept all that she is or is not, knowing that being whoever she is surely is more than enough” (Walters, 142).

Not Your Ordinary Sunday School

After the Civil War, African Americans were determined to get an education. African Americans ran their own schools affiliated with their churches. Sabbath schools began to grow in the Black community, ran by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In the reading of, "Going against the Gain", by 1885, the AME Church reported of having 200,000 children in Sunday schools for "moral and intellectual" instruction (Royster, 153). One thing that stuck out to me the most is that these "Sunday School" classes were not devoted to mostly Bible Study, but also Universal education.

I began to do more research on if the AME church still has a presence in today's higher education world. I was so surprised on what Institutions were founded by the AME Church. Part of the Atlanta University Center, Morris Brown College was founded by the AME Church in 1881. Also, HBCUs such as Allen University, Livingstone College, and Wilberforce University are just a few named institutions who were founded after the Civil War to educate Black people.

Large missionary groups were the backbone of educational enterprises for African Americans. The American Missionary Association (AMA), supported more than 5,000 teachers in the South between 1861 and 1873. Being a Spelman Woman, my institution of higher learning is surrounded by institutions founded by the Black church. As I began to read, “Going against the Gain”, I realized that Spelman College has a strong history on educating Black females based on a Christ-background.

From the Civil War, to the year of 2011, Black high learning Institutions still stand strong today. I am just grateful and honored to be able to attend a college whose history is based upon uplifting and inspiring young Black women to achieve the most high.

The Price of Education (Literacy Opportunities after 1800-The Opening Doors of Opportunity)

Being able to go to school from elementary school to college is something that I have never seen myself being able to do. Although, at one point in time in my life college seemed far away and costly, I knew I was going to make it some kind of way. Reading Going Against the Grain, put into perspective the struggles that African-Americans went through to receive an education.

The reading talks about how the African-American community itself was responsible for literacy in the community. “In this way, the African American community itself was largely responsible for laying the fertile foundation for universal literacy in African American communities. This stood out to me because, it seems as if literacy in African American communities is not deemed valuable. The African American is still a vital backbone, but the focus is not literacy. In my opinion, I believe that literacy is one of the keys to being successful in life. Most of the prominent people in the world today view literacy as a component that has helped them thrive. Literacy was important the most when we were not given the opportunity to read or write. However, if we want to continue to flourish and grow as a people it is mandatory that our communities stress the importance of being literate.

Reading the about the impact that Atlanta University Center had in educating African Americans in the South was interesting. From opening the first public school for African Americans to creating an environment for students to learn in. The history of Spelman College was also refreshing to read. Even though, I already knew the history, it was gratifying to see it mentioned in the reading. It reminds me of the importance of the Atlanta University Center and the significance of the schools. The reading even included Morris Brown College, which is today not acknowledged. However, the reading reminds us that Morris Brown was pivotal in the community.

The African-American community was an important element is supporting literacy in our people. Literacy in the past should still be seen as important today. If we stress the importance of literacy in our kids, the future of the African American community could be prosperous. 

Going Against the Grain

       In the beginning of the Chapter “Going against the Grain” the reader gets a historical perspective of African Americans and the role of literacy in the fight for equal rights. The chapter also explains the role of the African American women in the black community. These women served as the glue that kept the family together; she was nurturer and the doctor to the family when people were sick. These women were essential to the village by solving people’s issues and essentially becoming the providers for their families. Black women were seen as the survivors of the community and could help others do the same. They held a certain mindset through the struggle in which authors Loewenberg and Bogin referred to as sustaining“wholeness” through such tough times.

<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->Although African Americans were fighting for equal rights in America it was proving to be a very difficult task throughout time. African Americans wanted to be viewed as human beings rather than just black people. America’s flaws began to show after the American Revolution as the Declaration of Independence claimed to demand equal rights for all mankind but failed to include black people as human beings. Jefferson elaborates on this as he suggest that black people should have human rights but goes on to say that they should not be equal to whites. I view Jefferson as a hypocrite because he claims to agree that black people should be respected but he continues to keep slaves on his plantations which rob them of their freedom and self-respect.

Benjamin Franklin was also a major advocate for equal rights of African Americans towards the last years of his life. Franklin was president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society and used this role to take initiative and write a letter to the congress with his concerns. Franklin explains in the letter the seriousness of slavery and its effects on its principles on the nation.

Black people's freedom was a controversial topic for the people of America, some people felt that they should be free and some saw no problem with them remaining slaves. Some political figures felt the need to stand up against them as a whole but some of them wanted to avoid controversy within the newly formed country. 

The Need To Make Black Women Literate

“Women are frequently viewed as second-class citizens. The media, literature, and schools all portray women as second-class citizens, which help acculturate individuals to accept the roles women can and cannot undertake” (Darling, 19).

Having to read the quote above, I find nothing but truth. When you look into the media especially, you’ll find the majority of the women’s standards and behavior lower than men. So, when you see the latest movie, or read the top-sellers list book about the women who” can’t find a man”, or who has “baby mama drama”, you automatically believe that women are like that in real life. Don’t get me wrong, there are women who fit into those categories, but all are not that way.

“ It is a fact that a Black woman is more ignored in schools than her White counterparts, she is more ignored in society, and she is born into situations that put her at risk for failure from birth” (Darling, 19)

Being a Spelman woman, I am 100% sure that Spelman College is preparing me, and my sisters for the real world. Based on the quote above, we are not ignored by our school, wit that being said, we will have a better foundation when it is time to go into the real worlds.  I will do whatever it takes to graduate from Spelman College, and not become a statistics among black or women in general.

Education is so important. The world will be so much better if the World’s foundation, the WOMAN, every woman would have access to a proper and equal education. Being a black illiterate female, you have so many obstacles in your life. THE NEED TO MAKE BLACK WOMEN LITERATE IS ESSENTIAL!

A New Perspective

Joanne Kilgour Dowdy ‘s interview with Christina McVay’s gives a new perspective on Black literature and what it means to someone who is not of the African-American race. Her views on the Black oral and written works are interesting and give light to the thoughts of African-American students.

The interview begins with McVay talking about how she began to teach in the English Department. She says, “Life is what happens to you while you’re busy making other plans” (McVay, Kilgour Dowdy 88). This statement caught my eye, because it gave me a glimpse into who McVay was as a person. English teachers are usually seen as being uptight and straitlaced. From this point into the interview McVay changed my mind about the English teachers. It also surprised me when she said she felt uncomfortable teaching Black literature in front of White students, being a White teacher. Going to a predominantly White school, I felt as if some of my teachers felt uncomfortable teaching Black literature in front of the few African-American students that they did have.  Reading her interview gave me insight into a White educator who felt the opposite of what I was accustomed to.

Christina McVay goes into detail about the relationship she has learned to develop with her students. “Students frequently say that they come away from my class with a new and different perspective on things” (McVay, Kilgour Dowdy 89). McVay taught her students that African-American dialect is an oral tradition from Africa and that the Black community is creative. She strives to show Black students that they like English. She explains that the school system has “brainwashed” Black students that they don’t like English. McVay presents English in a way that her students both come to appreciate their own literature and heritage and learn something about themselves. She also she learns something from her students in the process.

Christina McVay gave me a new perspective on English teachers and White educators. She teaches Black students to value their traditions and learn to love English. Just by reading her interview I am inspired to read more Black literature. Her quote, “So to me literature is not just an academic thing. It really is not. It’s a life thing”(McVay, Kilgour Dowdy 94), says a lot about her teaching style and encourages me to delve into more literature.  

The Pursuit of Literacy

Leonie. C. R. Smith’s, “To be black, Female, and Literate: A Personal Journey in Education and Alienation” is based on the importance of literacy and education. Smith talks about her own experiences with relocating from the Caribbean to the United States. She takes the reader on her journey of struggling financially to overcoming different obstacles of life. She struggled with the difference between the Caribbean educational system versus that of the United States. She had never experienced the “American” way of learning. In the reading she stated, “I was removed from an already average class and placed into a class of even lower academic standing. I had never seen a multiple-choice test before, and many of the topics were unfamiliar to me” (Smith 187). Also, she had a very difficult time getting adjusted to being, “Black in America”, and having to deal with racial and classification discrimination.

Leonie C. R. Smith talks about her experiences at a private predominantly White upper class college. She discusses being faced with racial prejudice in many situations of life at college. This made us realize the opportunities we are afforded by attending Spelman College. Speaking with some of the girls at our school, it seems that some of us have been to predominantly white schools also. We have noticed the transformations we have made within ourselves by coming to Spelman College. Different classes and discussions that students have at Spelman prepare us for racial prejudice that remains outside of our gates.

By reading Leonie C.R. Smith’s narrative based on her life, we learned that it is important to be aware of the different cultures and traditions of African descendants around the world. Her narrative is an example of the types of struggles that many immigrants encounter when migrating to the United States. It showed us that by coming to Spelman College we can be comfortable with who we are while understanding that there is discrimination around the world.

Works Cited

Smith, Leonie. To be black, Female, and Literate: A Personal Journey in Education and Alienation. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2005. 183-200. Print.

The Importance of Oral History

Within the African American culture, storytelling is an important component in comprehending African American history. It can be used to discuss the traditions and history of our people. Writers of collected stories are needed to inform African American students and researchers about African American legacy. Storytelling helped descendants of Africa who were dispersed throughout the world to sustain hope and continue a legacy of literacy throughout their families. It aids African American communities in understanding the struggle of enslaved peoples and learning about various traditions. Storytelling is a form of oral history that continues to be vital in the present.

Tales of Struggle
    The various tales of African ancestor struggles have provided us with a deeper connection with our own past because we learn through the experiences of others. The story of our struggle as Black people affects our religion. The bible helped our ancestors believe and have faith as they were mistreated and tortured because of their skin. We receive knowledge by our ancestors’ storytelling that may not be in the textbook. Much of our history is known from oral storytelling. Therefore, it is important to now realize the struggle of our ancestors and how it has affected our future.

Stories of and by Black Women
    Throughout history, storytelling has had more male characters than female. Storytelling has been consistent with the African American tradition of showing male dominance. The role of women is one that has been connected with maintaining the household. Black women writers do not write many slave narratives, nor do they write stories of pity. Stories written by black women show failure turned into triumph and show them fighting and show them fighting for social changes. Black women authors would rather show women as independent and strong-willed.

Works Cited

Franklin, Wanda, and Joanne Dowdy. Storytelling. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2005. 119-138. Print.

A Woman's Worth

“In music videos, television talk shows, news shows, newspapers, and tabloids show us one-sided and oft times disfigured representations of African American females: pulsating genitals, hood rats, “successful” professional sisters alienated in corporate America for the academy, low-income single mothers, and falling stars (Richardson, 677).

        We as a group strongly agree with the author’s position on the view of black women. We feel as if black women are perceived terribly wrong in the media. As Spelman women, we know for a fact that we are more than our hips and thighs. However, throughout history literature has stereotyped black women as being promiscuous and uneducated.

          To confirm research, we went to various search engines to confirm the results on “black women”. We found that the first page was filled with sexual websites exploiting black women’s bodies. We also compared the search results of “white women” “black men” and “white men”. While we found that white women were exploited as well as black women, the total opposite was shown for white and black men. Search results for white men displayed professionals, intellectuals, and politicians. While on the other hand, black men were not exploited sexually, they did contain negative connotations.

        In literature such as the book, “Push” by Sapphire, the main character grows up in a low-income and uneducated household. She is faced with so many adversities and obstacles that she must overcome. Novels similar to Push, should be respected, however, they should be counteracted with different perspectives. This can also be said with music lyrics and videos. As we watch our favorite music artist’s video, women are constantly objectified and degraded. While authors like Elaine Richardson disagree and try to give an opposite view on black women, some authors and average black women perpetuate these negative stereotypes.

        While we agree on Elaine Richardson’s point of view of the state of black women in media, it’s going to take more than just her article to change a worldly view on the black woman. Many novels portraying black women as uneducated should be acknowledged, but not used to generalize all black females.

Works Cited

Richardson, Elaine. To Protect and Serve:African American Female Literacies. 4. 53. National Council of teachers of English: 2002. 675-704. Print.